The main types of skin cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer. It usually appears on sun-exposed areas such as the face, nose and neck as a pearly or shiny bump, a pink patch or a sore that doesn't heal. It rarely spreads, but if left untreated it can grow and damage nearby tissue.
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common. It often looks like a rough, scaly patch, a firm bump or a sore that crusts or bleeds. It is more likely than BCC to spread if not treated.
- Melanoma is less common but more dangerous because it can spread to other organs. It can start as a new spot or develop in an existing mole, and it can appear anywhere, including on skin that rarely sees the sun. In people with darker skin, melanoma often appears on the palms, soles or under the nails.
Risk factors
- Ultraviolet (UV) exposure from the sun or tanning beds is the leading cause. Both UVA and UVB damage skin cells; UVB causes most sunburns, while UVA penetrates deeper and contributes to skin aging and cancer.
- Fair skin, light hair or eyes, and skin that freckles or burns easily
- A history of sunburns, especially blistering burns in childhood
- Many moles or atypical moles (larger moles with irregular shape or color)
- Actinic keratoses, rough, scaly precancerous spots caused by sun damage
- Personal or family history of skin cancer
- A weakened immune system, for example after an organ transplant
How to protect your skin
- Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher every day on exposed skin. Reapply every two hours, and after swimming or sweating.
- Seek shade, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV rays are strongest
- Wear a wide-brimmed hat, UV-blocking sunglasses and sun-protective clothing
- Avoid tanning beds
- Remember that UV rays reflect off snow and water, so protect your skin in winter too
Check your skin regularly
Look over your skin once a month, using a mirror for hard-to-see areas. Use the ABCDEs to spot warning signs of melanoma: Asymmetry, irregular Borders, uneven Color, Diameter larger than 6 mm, and Evolving size, shape or color. Also watch for any sore that doesn't heal or a spot that bleeds or itches.
If you have risk factors, a yearly full-body skin exam with a dermatologist is one of the best ways to catch skin cancer early, when it is easiest to treat.
This article is for general education and isn't a substitute for a visit with a physician.